Signal Integrity

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16Gb/s and Beyond with Single-Ended I/O in High-Performance Graphics Memory

The paper discusses the development of GDDR6 as a lower-risk and more cost-effective solution as compared to other high-bandwidth memory solutions.


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A Study of Forward Error Correction Codes for SAS Channels

This paper evaluates the performance of several choices of Reed-Solomon code and shows how a frame-interleaved RS(30,26) code can achieve 1e-15 bit-error rate (BER) in the presence of burst errors. See the authors conclude that, as data rates go higher, current 128b/130b encoding is not a good option as the two-bit 01/10 overhead suffers due to its Nyquist pattern property.


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Outer Loop Equalization for PCIe Cross-Lane Transceiver Optimization

PCIe Gen4 Standards Margin-Assisted Outer-Layer Equalization for Cross-Lane Optimization in a 16GT/s PCIe Link

PCIe Gen4 enables new wave of innovation to guide inner-loop SerDes optimization assisted by outer-loop system optimization. This paper introduces an outer-layer equalization scheme for managing SerDes inner-layer equalization to optimize overall system-level aggregate performance.


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40 GHz PCB Interconnect Validation: Expectations vs Reality

What does it take to design PCB interconnects with good analysis-to-measurement correlation up to 40 GHz? Is it doable with typical low-cost PCB materials and fabrication process, typical trace width, via back-drilling and the shortage of space to place the stitching vias? This paper reports lessons learned from validation projects with the goal to build a formal procedure for systematic prediction of interconnect behavior up to 40 GHz. Topics include: selection of test structures, connectors and measurement equipment, and analysis uncertainties.

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A Causal Conductor Roughness Model and its Effect on Transmission Line Characteristics

In the GB/s regime, accurate modeling of insertion loss and phase delay is a precursor to successful high-speed serial link designs. We propose a causal (physically meaningful) form of the Hammerstad and Cannonball-Huray metal roughness frequency dependent complex correction factor. Compared to the widely used, non-causal form, it considerably increases the inductive component of internal metal impedance. Transmission lines simulated with a causal version demonstrate increased phase delay and characteristic impedance. By obtaining the dielectric and roughness parameters solely from manufacturers' data sheets, we validate the model through a detailed case study to test its accuracy.


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