Signal Integrity

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How to Simulate Uniform Transmission Lines at Low Frequencies

This article details the electromagnetic simulation of low frequencies in Ansys Electronics Desktop, focusing specifically on arbitrary length transmission lines and cables with uniform cross sections. It presents two-dimensional, quasi-static field and circuit solvers as an alternative simulation method, covering the simulation workflow while highlighting the differences and benefits of using this method as opposed to using predominant full-wave field solvers. 


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Material-Induced Skew in High-Speed Multilayer PCBs: Influences and Mitigation Strategies

Among various forms of signal degradation, skew is a key contributor to timing errors in systems operating at multi-gigabit data rates. An increasingly important factor at high speeds is material-induced skew due to local differences in dielectric constant arising from the PCB’s woven glass fabric reinforcement. This article aims to unpack the root causes of material-induced skew, particularly focusing on the glass weave effect, and explores mitigation techniques ranging from laminate selection to signal routing strategies.


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Evolution of PCIe Beyond Gen7: PCIe Gen8

The PCIe standard has successfully doubled its per-lane bandwidth across seven generations while maintaining full backward compatibility. PCIe Gen8 continues this legacy, targeting 256 GT/s per lane using PAM4 signaling. However, with each new generation, achieving backward compatibility within the same mechanical envelope becomes increasingly complex. Follow along as Abhijit Wander explores how sustaining bandwidth scalability beyond Gen7 may ultimately require both electrical and mechanical innovation rather than purely material or footprint optimization.


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High-Speed Digital Interface Characterization Requires New Test Approach

The increasing speeds of digital interfaces to meet the ever-growing data demands of modern society places stress on design engineers. A new test methodology for measuring intra-pair skew is necessary to verify high-speed interfaces such as PCI Express. The BERT-based setup uses a new method with dual transmitters to control the phase of signals within a differential pair, enabling granular measurement of intra-pair skew. This capability is crucial for understanding and mitigating the impact of skew on BER margins at high data rates such as 64 GT/s.


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