VNAs make measurements in the frequency domain and can be used to supplant the information that native time domain instruments, like fast oscilloscopes, Signal Quality Analyzers (BERTs) and Time Domain Reflectometers/Transmission instruments (TDR/TDT’s) already provide.

This paper assesses how modern tools can be used to address poweraware SI challenges associated with I/O modeling, interconnect modeling, simulation, and analysis.  

Multi-tone testing has many benefits. While the multi-tone methodology was initially implemented to increase the speed of immunity testing, it has been found that this method also improves equipment efficiency, offers greater flexibility to truly test the equipment (EUT) under real world threat conditions, and can be fully compliant to standards.