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What are the optimal methods (and their resulting challenges) to achieve 224/212 Gb/s common electrical I/O (CEI) and Ethernet, the highest speed/data rate per lane electrical input/output (I/Os) and link systems? By way of understanding, we begin by investigating optimal pulse amplitude modulation (PAML) vs. channel characteristics at 224 Gb/s.
This paper explains the theory, implementation, constraints, and cost of using CTLE, FFE, DFE, and FEC equalization schemes for serial links at and above 112 Gbps.